Is Autism a Primarily Genetic Disease - 1448 Words

I. Introduction: Neurological disorders are complex in nature and often the least understood. Given the recent boom in imaging technology and other diagnostic methods, it is now possible to see more clearly into the scope of neurological development and accurately determine the etiology of these diseases. One of such disorders is Autism; a multifactorial condition impairing normal brain development. It affects many aspects of development, including social behavior, cognitive ability and communication skills1 and is commonly diagnosed in children before the age of three1. The symptoms of this condition can vary greatly between individuals; hence its classification as a spectrum disorder. Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome and pervasive†¦show more content†¦Mutations that occur during transcription are also linked to the expression of genes associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. ASD candidate genes are genes normally related to synapse function, but when the enzyme topoisomerase is inhibited, the genes are not fully expressed4, factoring into the phenotypic expression of Autism. The individuals studied who were affected by ASD had a numerous amount of mutated genes relating to transcription function4. This result illustrates the relationship between transcription and the phenotypic expression of autism. Twin Studies also show that there is a strong genetic influence in autistics. In a study of 44 sets of twins, there was a high concordance rate of autism and other disorders on the ASD spectrum for monozygotic twins (92%)5. This suggests that the genetic similarity between MZ twins influences their risk of expressing Autism. Dizygotic twins however, had a much lower concordance5, supporting the hypothesis that there is a correlation between genetic similarity and Autism risk. According to the study, complications during pregnancy are not likely to be the cause of autism, but simply happen more often in twin pregnancies5. The association of severe brain damage in pregnancy and Autism has not been found in singletons5. In 29 cases of twins discordant for Autism, biological hazards associated with brain damage usually affected the autistic twin. ThisShow MoreRelatedEpigenetics And Autistic Spectrum Disorder1078 Words   |  5 Pages Epigenetics and Autistic Spectrum Disorder Jowan Jones Old Dominion University â€Æ' Abstract This paper plans to focus on autism spectrum disorder and how epigenetics contributes to the development of the disease. ASD is comorbid with other neurodevelopmental diseases including Rett Syndrome, Fragile X, Prader-Willi, and Angelman. These diseases have frequent, identifiable symptoms such as coloboma of the eye, heart defects, atresia of the nasal choanae, retardation of growth and or developmentRead MoreCommon Chromosomal Abnormalities Associated With Autism1434 Words   |  6 PagesFive other gene disorder that contributes to autism are (1) EN2 (Engrailed 2) involved in cerebellum development. (2) GABR (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid Receptor) regulates brain cell migration. (3) OXTR (Oxytocin Receptor) participating in the response to stress and social skills. (4) RELN (Reelin) involved in neuronal migration in the developing brain. (5) SLC6A4, a serotonin transporter gene† (Johnson, Giarelli, Lewis, Rice, 2013). As a result of all the researches done several chromoso mal lociRead More Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders Essay1669 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism has been on the rise in the past 20 years, and is getting dangerously close to reaching epidemic proportions (Zelan, 1). Statistically, Autism rates have been rising in the United States with Autism now effecting 1 in every 150 children ages 10 and younger (Zelan, 1). Autism can occur in any race and does not gender discriminate, though boys are four times more likely to have Autism than girls (Castrogiovanni). The causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatmentRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1278 Words   |  5 PagesStatistical evidences. ASD’s gender proportion suggests that the autism is sex-linked, and the statistical evidence convincingly shows that genetic factors are playing key role in the prevalence of ASD. To begin with, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published the relationship between the number of autistic boys and girls. The statistical evidence shows that boys are more inclined to become autist ic than girls. CDC states that 1 in 42Read MoreThe Anti Vaccine Movement1426 Words   |  6 Pagesto autism. The claim that the MMR vaccine causes autism is not backed by any scientific evidence and therefore should not be believed. Autism is a developmental disability that is caused by differences in how the brain functions. People with autism may communicate, interact, behave, and learn in different ways and show repetitive behaviors. About 1 in 68 children have been identified with autism in communities across the United States. According to the myth, children seemed to develop autism shortlyRead MoreAsperger Syndrome : A Disorder On The Autism Spectrum1210 Words   |  5 PagesAshley Knowles Dr. Chaviano ESE 309 Spring 2015 Asperger Syndrome Asperger syndrome, also known as, Asperger disorder is a disorder on the autism spectrum. Asperger syndrome is on the mild, or â€Å"high-functioning,† end. Many affected with Asperger’s learn to adjust and become very intelligent and live successful lives. In 1944, an Australian pediatrician named Hans Asperger observed four children who had difficulty integrating socially. The children lacked nonverbal communication skills, failedRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandatory?1739 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion people die from vaccine-preventable diseases each year; half of the people who die are children who are less than five years of age (Offit, 2014). When a person dies from a disease that has an available vaccine, that death could have been prevented. Parents do not vaccinate their children for an abundance of reasons. Although they feel that they are protecting their children, they are actually exposing them to countless life-threatening diseases. People who are not vaccinated cause problemsRead MoreImmunizations Is Better Than A Cure Essay1129 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor concerns would be the health and safety of their children. Some parents believe that vaccines were to prevent the spread of dangerous transmittable diseases, also a re under the impression that vaccines present high risk factors for their children. Vaccination’s allow provide protection to children and adults against many varieties of disease, and when kids are vaccinated in the earlier stage immunity is created. This form of immunity protects the population from the risks of a virus spread, asRead MoreThe Controversy Of Autism Spectrum Disorder1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe Controversy Defining Autism Autism continues to spark countless discussions and debates throughout the medical field. Some doctors believe that autism is a neurological disorder that can and should be treated, as others continue to think it is simply a difference in human adaption that needs to be nurtured and acknowledged. Regardless of what autism may be, it continues to dramatically rise in the number of children and families affected. With autism being based on such a broad spectrum, theRead MoreAutism Is A Psychological Disorder1329 Words   |  6 PagesAutism continues to spark countless discussions and debates throughout the medical field. Some doctors believe that autism is a neurological disorder that can and should be treated, as others continue to think it is simply a difference in human adaption that needs to be nurtured and acknowledged. Regardless of what autism may be, it continues to dramatically rise in the number of children and families affected. With autism being based on such a broad spe ctrum, the affects and causes leaves the medical

Comparative And Normative Function As A Standard Of Behavior

Zou et al draw upon previous research demonstrating how perceived consensus occurs within groups. Groups can be particularly useful when we are unsure of the situation through two functions: comparative and normative. The comparative function serves as a benchmark; individuals will look towards others to see how they compare in terms of behavior and values. The normative function acts as a standard of behavior; when we are uncertain, we will look towards others to determine what is the normal and accepted. Sherif’s 1935 Autokinetic study provides a case of when normative influence becomes internalized. Participants were engaged in a perceptual judgment task either alone or in a group and were instructed to look at a light in a dark room. Although the light is stationary, it appears to be moving in a dark room, and participants were told to indicate how much they thought the light was moving. Through repeated trials in groups, participants’ answers began to converge towa rds a mean distance, indicating a perceived consensus. The significance is that the light was not moving—the participants were affected by others’ perceptions and their judgments of the distance began to converge. This experiment demonstrates how people will look towards others for guidance in ambiguous situations. Furthermore, the perceived consensus subsequently became internalized. Zou et al apply this understanding of perceived consensus to culture by arguing that perceptions of knowledge construct whatShow MoreRelatedHow Reference Groups Exert Influence on Consumer Behavior3154 Words   |  13 Pagesspecific guide for behavior. They help us understand the impact of other people on an individual’s consumption beliefs, attitudes, and behavior. It helps marketers choose their methodology to affect desired changes in consumer behavior. From a marketing perspective, reference groups are groups that serve as frames of reference for individuals in their purchase or consumption decisions. Reference groups that influence general or broadly defined values or behavior are called normative reference groupsRead MoreHow Reference Groups Exert Influence on Consumer Behavior3143 Words   |  13 Pagesspecific guide for behavior. They help us understand the impact of other people on an individual’s consumption beliefs, attitudes, and behavior. It helps marketers choose their methodology to affect desired changes in consumer behavior. From a marketing perspective, reference groups are groups that serve as frames of reference for individuals in their purchase or consumption decisions. Reference groups that influence general or broadly defined values or behavior are called normative reference groupsRead MoreSocial And Emotional Learning Theory1385 Words   |  6 PagesSEL Standard The state of Kansas is one of only three states to enact comprehensive social and emotional learning standards with developmental benchmarks in K-12 education, (Dusenbury, Weissberg, Goren and Domitrovich, 2014), and it has also tied those standards to college readiness. The Kansas State Department of Education (KSDE) lists The Kansas social, emotional, and character development model standards aligned to Kansas college and career readiness standards (2012). Among these standards is theRead MoreBanking Competitions and Capital Ratios: Document Summary1485 Words   |  6 Pagesattributable to the way rivalry has been dignified in preceding studies. These studies were typically founded on the organization-conduct-performance example, which makes the assumption that the structure of the market is connected to conduct that is comparative and that competition can be approached by the grade of attentiveness that is supposed to be in a banking subdivision. On the other hand, there are seve ral significant difficulties with this estimate. The author of the document goes on to stateRead MoreMoney Makes The World Go Round1532 Words   |  7 Pagesconverted to actors involved in a more complicated process of accomplishing gender with and for their children .Have you ever heard the phrase â€Å"money makes the world go round,† it infers that without money or some kind of currency the world wouldn’t function the way it is today. Quite frankly, I believe it to the outmost extent. People are not going to resort back to trading commodities. This country has gone through time periods of different influences like wars and industrialization, but perhaps theRead MoreDescriptive Research2723 Words   |  11 PagesDESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH: 1. It contributes to the formulation of principles and generalization in behavioral sciences. This is especially true in casual-cooperative and correlational studies. 2. It contributes much to the establishment of standard norms of conduct, behavior, or performance. 3. It reveals problems or abnormal conditions so that remedial measures maybe instituted. 4. It makes possible prediction of the future on the basis of reactions of people toward certain issues. 5. It givesRead MoreThe Cost of Culpability: The Significance of Numbers Inside the Criminal Justice System (Age and Economics)1244 Words   |  5 Pagesall parties. Each participant, victim families, the youth/mentally ill offender and society as a whole are impacted by unjust and bias laws respectively. Until stiffer punishments are put into place that will hold juvenile offenders to the same standards as adult offenders who commit the same or similar crimes loopholes inside the criminal justice systems will slowly widen and create room for greater sentencing disparities that will affect all offenders. A combination of legal jargon, chronologicalRead MorePaulino J. Garcia Memorial Research and Medical Center Organizational Behavior Study6602 Words   |  27 PagesOrganizational Behavior Case Analysis on Dr. Paulino J. Garcia Memorial Research and Medical Center Executive Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Dr. Paulino J. Garcia Memorial Research and Medical Center (Dr. PJGMRMC) is an established and yet growing hospital. However, come with the expansions through enabling acts and how the organization grows in an ever changing environment come also challenges and issues the hospital has to face. Among these issues are improving their nurses over all service performance. InRead More Teaching an Applied Critical Thinking Course: How Applied Can We Get?3266 Words   |  14 Pagesthen speak to computers rather than instructors about their private lives without having to share confidential information with any other human being, yet still receive relevant feedback. I discuss software technology that actually performs this function. The software in question is an interactive, artificial intelligence program that checks beliefs for faulty thinking (fallacies), including inductive and deductive errors. The system scans student essays for possible fallacies; asks questionsRead MoreWhat†™s Wrong with Executive Compensation?6661 Words   |  27 Pagesorganizational action ignores the ongoing social structures within which managerial action is embedded (Granovetter, 1985), mistakenly disregarding the inï ¬â€šuence of anything other than economic incentives and information asymmetries on organizational behavior (Lubatkin, 2005). In addition, other critics take speciï ¬ c aim at the efï ¬ cacy of incentive alignment as a solution to the agency problem, levying a slightly more pragmatic critique: it simply does not produce the desired results. Observers ranging

Limitation of Lehman Brother

Question: Discuss about the Limitation of Lehman Brother. Answer: Stating the limitation of Lehman Brothers in derivatives market: Lehman Brothers scandal came as the devastating blow to the financial market, which started the financial crisis. High leveraged Credit Default Swap (CDS) and accumulation of bad loans reduced the overall value of its assets, which made the company insolvent. The high-risk trades mainly conducted by the company in the derivatives market increased its risk exposure and hampered its revenue generation capacity. The limitation of Lehman brother in derivatives market is depicted as follows. Corporate government failures: Lehman Brothers corporate government failure was identified after detecting the Repo 105 program, which was used by the company to portray its loans as sales in its balance sheet. The company straight away portrayed the loan acquired from asset collateral, as sales, which is ethically not correct and indicates the failure of corporate governance. The former Lehman directors stated that they were unaware of the Repo 105 program used in the balance sheet to hide the default assets (Rauterberg and Verstein 2013). The company has been using the Repo 105 since 2006, which states the unethical measures and volition of ethical rules laid down of GAAP. Highly leveraged risk taking business strategy: The company took higher leverage risk by reducing the income generation capacity from brokerages and raising its exposure in long term investment. The long-term investment strategy used by the company reduced its capital, which in turn raised its liquidity risk. The exposure to the CDS mainly blocked the companys capital and generated no return, which in turn hampered the companys ability to hedge its risks (Battiston et al. 2013). The high exposure to the liquidity risk and no hedging strategy mainly increased inherit risk of the company, which at last resulted in its insolvency. Depicting the limitation of MGRM in the derivative markets: The limitation of MGRM in derivatives market is depicted as follows. Contango price movement: Contango oil price movement was the major setback, which hampered profitability of MGRM. The contractual forward contract mainly sealed the companys short position exposure to oil. After the commencement of the forward contract decline in oil prices stared, this resulted in losses incurred by the company. Hedging strategy adopted by the company was stack and roll, which loses its fiction in the Contango market conditions. The future prices of the oil was higher than the spot price, which resulted in unexpected loses in future position. Lakshmi et al. (2013) argued that rolling stack strategies could be considered worse than no hedge position if cash flow is considered. Fixed exposure of risk: MGRM initially used a futures contract on monthly basis to hedge the 10-year forward contract. The hedging position was used as a cover to reduce the negative impact of rising prices of oil. However, the oil prices declined and the continuous loss from the exposure resulted to loss of $900 million. Biggins and Scott (2012) stated that stack and roll strategy is only viable if the market is in backward position. MGRM was not able to comprehend the change in market conditions, which might hamper its overall profitability. The contract was initiated by MGRM when the market was in backwardation position, which helped in generating higher profits. However, the change in derivate strategy resulted in huge looses, which liquidated all the forward and future contrast held by MGRM. Reference: Battiston, S., Caldarelli, G., Georg, C.P., May, R. and Stiglitz, J., 2013. Complex derivatives.Nature Physics,9(3), pp.123-125. Biggins, J. and Scott, C., 2012. Public-private relations in a transnational private regulatory regime: ISDA, the state and OTC derivatives market reform.European Business Organization Law Review,13(03), pp.309-346. Lakshmi, K.B., Saraswathi, S., Ramakrishna, Y. and Director, R.K., 2013. Performance of Financial Derivatives (Futures) in Indian Capital Market.Development,25, p.26th. Rauterberg, G. and Verstein, A., 2013. Assessing transnational private regulation of the OTC derivatives market: ISDA, the BBA, and the future of financial reform.Va. J. Int'l L.,54, p.9. Thetradenews.com. (2016).Lehman collapse spurs change in OTC derivatives trading | The Trade. [online] Available at: https://www.thetradenews.com/news/Asset_Classes/Derivatives/Lehman_collapse_spurs_change_in_OTC_derivatives_trading.aspx [Accessed 17 Nov. 2016].

Shakespeare Wrote Many Plays During His Lifetime. Some Of His Plays Ha

Shakespeare wrote many plays during his lifetime. Some of his plays have similar comedic characteristics and then other plays are the exact opposite of comedy. Shakespeare wrote tragedies, romance, history, comedy and problem plays all with great success. During the performance of these plays there was no scenery so great time was taken when developing the characters and the plot so the plays would be entertaining. A Midsummers Night's Dream and Much Ado About Nothing are just two of the comedies Shakespeare wrote. These two plays have many things in common where as Measure for Measure is a problem play with a totally different tone. Comparing and contrasting these three plays will help us to understand what Shakespeare thought comedy was in the 1600's and to see if our views on comedy are the same today. A Midsummer Night's Dream is a festive comedy. The play takes place in June and this is a bewitched time. In the spring the custom is to celebrate the return of fertility to the earth. During this time the young people spend the night in the woods to celebrate. Shakespeare uses the greenworld pattern in this play. The play begins in the city, moves out to the country and then back to the city. Being in the country makes things better because there is tranquility, freedom and people can become uncivilized versus when they are in the city and have to follow customs and laws and behave rationally. Comedies contain blocking figures and in this play it is Egeus. If he was not in the way, Hermia could marry Lysander. Since he is causing problems in his daughters life by trying to make her marry Demetrius, this begins the journey into the woods. Egeus threatened Hermia with death if she were to marry Lysander so she thinks the only way they can be together is to run away. One strange element is why Egeus was so set on Hermia marrying Demetrius. Lysander came from as good a family as Demetrius. Both were well possessed with property and money so Egeus's power is made to seem senseless. The play moves into the woods which is haunted by fairies who are there to bless the wedding of Theseus and Hippolyta. The quarreling between Oberon and Titania over the changeling boy leads to the king wanting to embarrass Titania with the love juice by making her fall in love with a monster. The first person she sees is Bottom and she falls violently in love with him. Oberon is making a spectacle of Titania and Bottom. It is ridiculous that she is in love with him because he is from such a lower class than her, he is human and she is a fairy, and he has the head of an ass. She is also a queen and he is an uneducated working man and a match like this would never happen. Bottom has such a problem with language. He speaks in malapropisms. He tries to say one word but always comes up with the wrong one. He is a working man who tries to act more educated that he really is . Through Bottom and Titania we see that love is blind. Also, while Titania is under the influence of the love juice she releases the changeling boy to Oberon so he did accomplish his goal. The confusion between Lysander, Hermia, Helena, and Demetrius because of the love juice is full of funny occurrences. When Lysander wakes up and thinks he is in love with Helena, Hermia is ignored and treated badly by Lysander. Then not only was Lysander saying he loved Helena, Demetrius was also treating Hermia badly. This left poor Hermia so upset but we as the audience know this is a prank and soon the spell will be lifted. The main characters in the play are all developed to a point where the audience can identify with them. We learn things about them individually so we can feel happy or sad when things happen in their life. I felt sad for Hermia when she was jolted by Lysander because their love for each other had seemed so strong and she was so confused by his behavior. Even though the audience